Cytokine Modulation: Studies have shown that KPV can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in mammalian cells.

Immune Cell Regulation: KPV has been observed to modulate the activity of immune cells, particularly macrophages and T cells. Research indicates that it may inhibit macrophage activation and reduce their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO).

T Cell Differentiation: Investigations have suggested that KPV may influence T cell differentiation, potentially promoting the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) while suppressing the development of pro-inflammatory T cell subsets.

Melanocortin Receptor Activation: Studies have shown that KPV can activate the melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R), which is expressed on various mammalian cell types. This activation may trigger intracellular signaling cascades that lead to the suppression of inflammatory pathways.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Research in animal models of colitis has demonstrated that KPV may reduce intestinal inflammation and improve symptoms.

Arthritis: Studies using mammalian models of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis have shown potential anti-arthritic effects of KPV, including reduced joint inflammation and cartilage degradation.

Skin Inflammation: Investigations have explored the potential of KPV in treating inflammatory skin conditions in mammalian models, with results suggesting a reduction in skin inflammation and improved barrier function.

Neuroprotection: Some studies in mammalian models have indicated potential neuroprotective properties of KPV, suggesting it may help reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain.

Wound Healing: Research has shown that KPV may promote wound healing in mammalian models by reducing inflammation and stimulating the proliferation and migration of skin cells.